Resistance Movements and Colonial Conflict

Colonial expansion provoked sustained armed resistance from the outset. In Algeria, Emir Abd al-Qadir led a coordinated military and political resistance to French conquest from 1832 until his surrender in 1847, and in India, the Rebellion of 1857 that ultimately ended East India Company rule began among sepoy soldiers resentful of new cartridges rumored to be greased with cow and pig fat, spreading into a broader uprising that besieged British garrisons at Delhi, Lucknow, and Cawnpore before its suppression the following year.