The Middle Ages
From European feudalism to the great medieval empires.
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The end of the Western Roman Empire, the Germanic kingdoms, and the enduring Byzantine Empire.
The birth of Islam and the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates that followed.
Charlemagne's empire and the feudal system that structured medieval European society, from the rise of the Carolingian dynasty to the fragmentation of power into fiefs, vassals, and manors.
Norse expansion across Europe and the Muslim-ruled Iberian Peninsula and the Reconquista.
The religious wars between Christian Europe and the Islamic world for control of the Holy Land.
Tang and Song China and feudal Japan, from the Heian court to the age of the samurai.
From a fractured world of rival steppe clans to the largest contiguous land empire in history: Genghis Khan's unification of the Mongols, the conquests of his heirs, and the Eurasian order they built and eventually lost.
The trading empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, and the kingdoms of medieval Southeast Asia.
The classic and postclassic civilizations of Mesoamerica and the Inca Empire of the Andes.
The Black Death and the Hundred Years' War, the twin catastrophes that reshaped medieval Europe.