The Umma of Medina, War with Mecca, and Muhammad's Death

Upon arriving in Yathrib, Muhammad drew up a document known as the Constitution of Medina, which organized relations among the city's various groups, establishing Muslims, Jews, and other communities as a single political community, or umma, bound by mutual rights and obligations of defense; it recognized the internal legal autonomy of Medina's Jewish tribes while naming Muhammad the supreme arbiter of disputes. Relations with those Jewish tribes deteriorated over the following years amid the wars against Mecca: the Banu Qaynuqa were expelled in 624, the Banu Nadir in 625, and, after the Battle of the Trench in 627, the Banu Qurayza were accused of treachery and, according to the traditional account, their men were executed and their women and children enslaved.