Deportation, National Collaboration, Resistance, and Rescue

The Nazi regime made massive, systematic use of Europe's railway network to transport victims to the killing centers, coordinated logistically between the SS, the German Reich railway administration, and local authorities; victims were packed into freight or cattle cars without minimal conditions of hygiene, water, or food, and journeys lasting several days under extreme conditions caused numerous deaths in transit itself. Deportations from Germany, Austria, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia began in 1941-1942, mass deportations from France proceeded with the active collaboration of the Vichy regime in the roundups, epitomized by the Vel' d'Hiv roundup in Paris in July 1942, and deportations from the Netherlands, where the case of Anne Frank and her family stands as a documented example of persecution and deportation, proceeded with the collaboration of the civil occupation administration. The deportation of Hungary's Jewish community came late but on a massive scale in 1944, following the German occupation of the country, with Adolf Eichmann directly organizing the Hungarian deportations, while Rome's Jewish community was deported following the German occupation of Italy in October 1943.