Level 19
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The Late 19th Century and WWI

Labor Movements and Socialism

The rise of the labor movement and socialist thought in industrializing Europe.

Wikimedia Commons · Lewis Hine · Public domain

60-Second Review

Express review

A condensed, point-by-point summary of the module, for reviewing right before a test or exam.

  1. Industrialization and the birth of the working class. Industrialization created a new urban working class subjected to brutal factory conditions and scant legal protection.
  2. Early protest: Luddism, Peterloo, and Chartism. From Luddite machine-breaking to the Chartist petitions, British workers built the first organized forms of mass protest.
  3. Utopian socialism and the origins of trade unionism. Utopian socialists imagined planned or cooperative alternatives to capitalism while British unions built lasting organizations.
  4. Marx, Engels, and the foundations of scientific socialism. Marx and Engels developed historical materialism and, in the Manifesto and Capital, a systematic critique of capitalism.
  5. The First International, anarchism, and the Paris Commune. The First International united diverse radical currents before splitting over Bakunin, while the Paris Commune of 1871 became a lasting symbol.
  6. German social democracy: repression and the birth of the welfare state. Bismarck banned the SPD under the anti-socialist laws while pairing repression with the first modern social insurance system.
  7. The Second International and the socialist movement across Europe. The Second International coordinated national socialist parties even as revisionism, syndicalism, and rival currents divided the movement.
  8. The collapse of 1914 and the pioneers of socialist feminism. The Second International collapsed in 1914 as national loyalty overrode internationalism, even as socialist feminism was taking shape.

This is the starting point of The Late 19th Century and WWI: you don't need any prior knowledge of this subject to begin.

Key points

Visual module map

1Industrialization and the birth of the working class
2Utopian socialism and the origins of trade unionism
3The First International, anarchism, and the Paris Commune
4German social democracy: repression and the birth of the welfare state
5The collapse of 1914 and the pioneers of socialist feminism

Alternative visual view: a simplified sequence of some of the module's key points, in their order within the syllabus.

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Final test

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Optional mini-games

Extra practice, with no penalty, to reinforce the module's content.

Review Flashcards

Review each key point with cards that flip to reveal the summary.

Memory

Match each concept with its definition in as few attempts as possible.

Time Attack

Answer true or false statements before time runs out.

Chronological Order

Put the module's key points back in their original order.

Further reading

Bibliography and cited sources used to create this module.

  • Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital: 1848-1875.
  • Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire: 1875-1914.
  • E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class.
  • Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England.
  • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party.
  • Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy.
  • G. D. H. Cole, A History of Socialist Thought.
  • James Joll, The Second International, 1889-1914.
  • Sheila Rowbotham, Hidden from History: Rediscovering Women in History from the 17th Century to the Present.