The collapse of 1914 and the pioneers of socialist feminism

The congresses of the Second International, held in Stuttgart in 1907, Copenhagen in 1910, and Basel in 1912, had repeatedly proclaimed a commitment to opposing a European war through coordinated working-class action. Despite these declarations, when the July Crisis of 1914 broke out, most national socialist parties aligned with their respective governments: the German SPD voted in favor of war credits in the Reichstag on 4 August 1914 in the name of civil truce, and France's SFIO, following the assassination of Jean Jaurès on 31 July 1914, likewise supported the government's "union sacrée."