Transition to the Modern World
The Renaissance, the age of exploration, and the Protestant Reformation.
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The cultural and intellectual rebirth that transformed art, science, and thought in Europe.
European exploration of the globe and the conquest of the American continent.
European colonization of the Americas and the transatlantic trade in enslaved Africans.
The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation that split Christian Europe.
The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires that dominated the early modern Islamic world.
Europe's absolute monarchies and the devastating religious wars, including the Thirty Years' War.
The birth of modern science and the rise of the Russian Empire under the tsars.