Zwingli, Calvin, and the diversification of Protestantism

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) developed, independently of yet parallel to Luther, his own reform movement in Zurich from 1519, removing images and organs from worship and holding a purely symbolic view of the Eucharist as a commemorative remembrance rather than Christ's real bodily presence. This eucharistic disagreement caused the failure of the 1529 Marburg Colloquy, convened by Philip of Hesse to unite Lutheran and Swiss reformers, and Zwingli's reform, adopted by the Zurich council in 1523, spread to Bern, Basel, and other Swiss cities before provoking armed conflict with Catholic cantons in the Kappel Wars; Zwingli himself died in battle at the Second Battle of Kappel in 1531.